Table of Contents

• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Pelagonium Peroxide
• Xylitol
• Clove Oil
• Lemon Grass
• Collodial Silver

XYLITOL

THE EFFECT OF XYLITOL ON DENTAL CARIES …
Prathibha Anand Nayak,1 Ullal Anand Nayak,2 and Vishal Khandelwal.

Xylitol reduces the levels of mutans streptococci (MS) in plaque and saliva by disrupting their energy production processes, leading to futile energy cycle and cell death.7 It reduces the adhesion of these microorganisms to the teeth surface and also reduces their acid production potential ….. Xylitol decreases the incidence of dental caries by increasing salivary flow and Ph and reducing the number of cariogenic (MS) and periodontopathic (Helicobacter pylori) bacteria, plaque levels, xerostomia, gingival inflammation, and erosion of teeth.

SUGAR SUBSTITUTES IN DENTAL CARIES PREVENTION. SIGNIFICANCE OF SORBITOL AND XYLITOL
Hefti AF, Pink FE.

To date, effective caries prevention largely relies on the regular use of fluoride and oral hygiene. The potential efficacy of basing caries prevention on nutritional modifications has been suggested a long time ago. Subsequently, a great number of laboratory, animal and clinical investigations have convincingly demonstrated that partial substitution of sugar by noncariogenic sweeteners offers considerable benefits for dental health. This article reviews scientific information on sorbitol and xylitol, two caloric sugar substitutes that have been extensively studied with regard to their noncariogenic properties.

CONCLUSION AND REVIEW OF THE MICHIGAN XYLITOL PROGRAMME FOR THE PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES
Mäkinen KK1, Mäkinen PL, Pape HR Jr, Peldyak J, Hujoel P, Isotupa KP, Soderling E, Isokangas PJ, Allen P, Bennett C.

The Programme consisted of several clinical trials and laboratory investigations designed to study the usage of xylitol-containing saliva stimulants in the prevention of dental caries … The accumulated clinical, sialochemical and microbiologic evidence suggests that xylitol, a natural carbohydrate sweetener of the pentitol type, is more effective in preventing dental caries.

The Programme's results shed additional light on the cariologic and oral biologic effects of natural, dietary polyols, and suggest that the usage of Xylitol can be considered a valuable additional tool in caries prevention and in stabilization of caries in all age groups.

CLOVE OIL

MICROBICIDE ACTIVITY OF CLOVE ESSENTIAL OIL.
L. Nuñez* and M. D’ Aquino
Clove oil has biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties … Clove essential oil, used as an antiseptic in oral infections, inhibits Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as yeast.
Clove essential oil can be considered as a potential antimicrobial agent because it is not markedly inactivated by dilution or affected by organic matter.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND MECHANISM OF CLOVE ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST FOODBORNE PATHOGENS.
Jingwen Bai, Jianqiang Li, Zhiyuan Chen, Xuedong Bai, Zhenyuan Yang, Zitong Wang, Yu Yang.
IIn this study, eugenol was confirmed as the main component of Clove Oil Extract (CEO). CEO and eugenol showed obviously antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial mechanism of eugenol against S. aureus was probably related to the damage of cell wall and membrane, the inhibition on biofilm formation, the oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and the disruption of DNA synthesis. These results indicated that CEO and eugenol may be used as substitutes for antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobial agents.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE OIL AND CLOVE EXTRACT ON ORAL PATHOGENS
Charu Gupta, PhD, ; Dhan Prakash, PhD
Both clove oil and clove extract was found to exhibit broad spectrum of antibacterial activity inhibiting all the ten test bacterial species involved in dental caries. Clove oil produced maximum inhibition zone of diameter (IZD) against the major causative bacteria of dental plaque as compared to clove extract, thereby, showing that clove oil possesses strong bactericidal activity against oral pathogens. The clove oil has the potential to be used as a natural antibacterial agent for oral pathogens …..

LEMONGRASS

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMONGRASS OIL AGAINST ORAL CLINICAL ISOLATES
Paavai Ilango, Vasugi Suresh, Ayswarya V Vummidi1, Vanessa Ravel, Veejai Chandran, Arulpari Mahalingam, and Vineela Katam Reddy.
There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases …. Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMONGRASS ESSENTIAL OIL (CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS) AND ITS ACTIVE COMPONENT CITRAL AGAINST DUAL-SPECIES BIOFILMS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND CANDIDA SPECIES
Shanjun Gao, Guangzhi Liu, Jianguo Li, Jing Chen.
Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
In summary, we demonstrated lemongrass essential oil and citral were highly effective for eradicating the dual-species biofilms by hindering the interactions between C. albicans and S. aureus as well as breaking the matrix compositions of biofilms.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS) OIL AGAINST SOME SELECTED PATHOGENIC BACTERIAS
Mohd Irfan Naik, Bashir Ahmad Fomda, Ebenezar Jaykumar, Javid Ahmad Bhat.
The tested organisms, particularly gram-negative organisms had shown high resistance towards different antibiotics whereas they were found to be inhibited by lemongrass oil even at lower concentration. Thus lemongrass oil is effective against drug resistant organisms. It can be suggested that use of lemongrass oil would be helpful in the treatment of infections

COLLOIDAL SILVER

EFFICACY OF A SILVER COLLOIDAL GEL AGAINST SELECTED ORAL BACTERIA IN VITRO
Phat L. Tran, Keaton Luth, James Wang, Coby Ray, Anselm de Souza, Dilip Mehta, K. W. Moeller, C. D. Moeller Ted W. Reid
It is necessary to develop new strategies to protect against bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, S treptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius, which contribute to tooth decay and plaque formation … Colloidal Silver inhibited biofilm formation by these three bacteria mixed together. These results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy … was effective in preventing biofilm formation by S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius.

 EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COLLOIDAL SILVER IN ODONTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
 Gandara De La Peña, Agustin; De La Garza-ramos, Myriam; Aguilera Rojas, Sandra; San Martin Delgado, Carlos; Torres Reyes, Patricia.
the data obtained show that the antimicrobial activity of the colloidal silver was 99.9% and therefore showed no microbial growth for the bacterial strains evaluated compared to the control group of chlorhexidine. A statistically significant difference was observed (p< 0.05) between the groups evaluated …. Colloidal silver has antimicrobial activity against odontopathogenic bacteria and could therefore be used as an antimicrobial in the oral cavity.

COLLOIDAL SILVER – HOW DOES IT BENEFIT YOUR DENTAL HEALTH?
 Dr. A. Bis Colloidal.
silver has been used in medicine since the early 20th century to improve overall health and oral health. Recent research has demonstrated its antibacterial qualities in the treatment of a variety of common concerns like bacterial and viral infections, skin wounds, inflammation, sinusitis, cold, and flu …. A study published in 2016 showed that silver is a powerful anti-bacterial and can be used as a rinse to help reduce bacteria in the mouth that contributes to gum disease. If you or someone you know is diagnosed with gum disease, adding a colloidal silver rinse to your daily oral care routine can help prevent further spread of bacteria.